Health Articles http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org Just another HealthBlogs.org weblog Fri, 24 May 2013 12:49:06 +0000 en-US hourly 1 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+: Pulmonary vascular disease – Pulmonary arterial hypertension – The Complications http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/24/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-complications/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/24/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-complications/#comments Fri, 24 May 2013 12:49:06 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3890 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a subgroup of a specific subgroup of pulmonary hypertension (PH) defined as a condition of slowly progressive disorder as a result of abnormally high blood pressure in the blood vessel, including pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, that carries blood from the heart to the lungs due to narrowing in diameter of most of the very small arteries throughout the lungs of that increased resistance to blood flow, leading to right heart failure and death. Because the phrase pulmonary arterial hypertension is long and pulmonary hypertension is a bit shorter the phrase. Pulmonary hypertension is often used in place of pulmonary arterial hypertension(a). According to statistic, approximately over 1,000 new cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension are diagnosed each year, in the United States alone.
A. Complications
1. Right-sided heart failure
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease in which increased pulmonary arterial pressure and remodelling eventually lead to right heart failure and death. Idiopathic and familial PAH occur far more frequently in women than in men(12).

2. Sudden Cardiac Death
According to the study by the Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a disease of small pulmonary arteries, characterized by vascular proliferation and remodeling. Progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance ultimately leads to right ventricular heart failure and death(13).

3. Arrhythmia
Cardiac arrhythmias are important contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Such patients manifest a substrate resulting from altered autonomics, repolarization abnormalities, and ischemia. Supraventricular arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and flutter are associated with worsened outcomes, and maintenance of sinus rhythm is a goal(14).

4. Bleeding and thrombosis
According to the study by DRK Kliniken Berlin Köpenick, On one hand, thrombosis is one of the key pathophysiologic features of PAH (besides vasoconstriction, proliferation and inflammation). On the other hand, the incidence of bleeding events is increased in PAH patients(15).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca

Sources
(a) http://pulmonaryhypertensionrn.com/ph-vs-pah/(8a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625955 (12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625955
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23271814
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23009914
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19335748

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/24/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-complications/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+: Pulmonary vascular disease – Pulmonary arterial hypertension – The Risk factors http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/23/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-risk-factors/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/23/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-risk-factors/#comments Thu, 23 May 2013 12:34:31 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3888 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a subgroup of a specific subgroup of pulmonary hypertension (PH) defined as a condition of slowly progressive disorder as a result of abnormally high blood pressure in the blood vessel, including pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, that carries blood from the heart to the lungs due to narrowing in diameter of most of the very small arteries throughout the lungs of that increased resistance to blood flow, leading to right heart failure and death. Because the phrase pulmonary arterial hypertension is long and pulmonary hypertension is a bit shorter the phrase. Pulmonary hypertension is often used in place of pulmonary arterial hypertension(a). According to statistic, approximately over 1,000 new cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension are diagnosed each year, in the United States alone.
B. Risk factors
1. Gender
If you women, you are at increased risk to develop Pulmonary arterial hypertension(8a)
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
In the study to analyze risk factors of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) patients living at above 2000 m high altitude area, found that PAH prevalence was 68.4% (360/526) in ASD patients. The risk factors of developing PAH in these ASD patients were defect size (OR: 1.200, 95%CI: 1.156 – 1.246, P = 0.000), age (OR: 1.027, 95%CI: 1.003 – 1.052, P = 0.025) and altitude (OR: 1.389, 95%CI: 1.001 – 1.637, P = 0.043) while gender and nationality were not risk factors for PAH. The incidence of developing PAH increased with aging (P = 0.000). The standardized ratio of PAH at ≥ 3500 m was 74.8% which was significantly higher than that at 2000 – 2499 m altitude (66.2%, P = 0.005) and at 2500 – 3499 m altitude (66.9%, P = 0.005)(8).

3. Congenital heart disease
Patients with cardiac defects which result in left-to-right shunting are at risk of developing PAH, owing to the increased shear stress and circumferential stretch induced by increased pulmonary blood flow, which leads to endothelial dysfunction and progressive vascular remodelling and, thus, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, according to the study by the Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College(9).
4. Other risk factors
In the multicenter study included patients followed at 5 rheumatology units that were systematically assessed using a pretested questionnaire on clinical and immunological variables, focusing on PAH, showed that of a total of 349 patients with SSc, 61 (17%) met the criteria for PAH. Pulmonary fibrosis [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 7.37, 95% CI 3.67-14.81, p < 0.0001], microstomia (AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.70-6.28, p < 0.0001), gastroesophageal reflux (AOR 2.41, 95% CI 1.31-4.43, p = 0.005), dysphagia (AOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.49-4.77, p = 0.001), hyperpigmentation (AOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.11-4.16, p = 0.02), and hypopigmentation (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.26-4.64, p = 0.008) were the most prevalent clinical characteristics associated with PAH, while anemia (AOR 5.4, 95% CI 1.98-14.93, p = 0.001) was observed as the unique laboratory risk factor(10). Other study showed that increased incidence of the disease in young women, the familial cases, the association with autoimmune disorders, and the recent discovery that mutation of the PPH1 gene may not be restricted to familial PPH support the hypothesis that the development of pulmonary hypertension likely implies an individual susceptibility or predisposition, which is probably genetically determined. It is also now commonly believed that the development of pulmonary hypertension in some of these predisposed individuals could be hastened or precipitated by various expression factors (some of them yet unrecognized), such as ingestion of certain drugs or diets, portal hypertension, or HIV infection(11).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca

Sources
(a) http://pulmonaryhypertensionrn.com/ph-vs-pah/(8a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625955
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956136
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18203318
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11590841

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/23/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-risk-factors/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+: Pulmonary vascular disease – Pulmonary arterial hypertension – The Causes http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/22/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-causes/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/22/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-causes/#comments Wed, 22 May 2013 12:34:48 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3886 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a subgroup of a specific subgroup of pulmonary hypertension (PH) defined as a condition of slowly progressive disorder as a result of abnormally high blood pressure in the blood vessel, including pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, that carries blood from the heart to the lungs due to narrowing in diameter of most of the very small arteries throughout the lungs of that increased resistance to blood flow, leading to right heart failure and death. Because the phrase pulmonary arterial hypertension is long and pulmonary hypertension is a bit shorter the phrase. Pulmonary hypertension is often used in place of pulmonary arterial hypertension(a). According to statistic, approximately over 1,000 new cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension are diagnosed each year, in the United States alone.
A. Causes
1. Mutation of BMPR2 gene
Experimental and clinical studies now converge on the intersection and interactions between a genetic predisposition involving the BMPR2 signaling pathway and an impaired metabolic and chronic inflammatory state in the vessel wall(4). According to the study by the University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Heterozygous germline mutations in the gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein type II (BMPR-II) receptor underlie the majority (>70%) of cases of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH), and dysfunction of BMP signaling has been implicated in other forms of PAH(5).

2. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD)
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension. So far some 200 cases have been published worldwide. Since the latest classification, agreed at a meeting in Venice in 2003, PVOD is included in the group of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)(6).

3. Pulmonary endothelial injury and enhanced inflammatory response
In the study to examine the effect of pulmonary endothelial injury in BMPR2(+/-) mice, with mice with two injections of monocrotaline combined with intratracheal instillation of replication-deficient adenovirus expressing 5-lipoxygenase (MCT+Ad5LO), showed that greater endothelial injury and an enhanced inflammatory response could be the underlying causes of the sensitivity and may work in concert with BMPR2 heterozygosity to promote the development of persistent pulmonary hypertension(7).

4. The role of disturbed blood flow
According to the study by University Medical Centre Groningen-GUIDE, In this concept disturbed blood flow is seen as an important trigger in the development of vascular remodeling. For instance, in PAH associated with congenital heart disease, increased pulmonary blood flow (i.e. systemic-to-pulmonary shunt) is an essential trigger for the occurrence of neointimal lesions and PAH development. Still, questions remain about the exact role of these blood flow characteristics in disease progression(7a)

5. Certain Medication
In the late 1960s, an epidemic of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) occurred in Europe shortly after the introduction of aminorex fumarate, a potent anorexigen. According to the study by the McGill University Faculty of Medicinethere is a strong association between aminorex and PPH probably led to a 5-fold increase in PPH incidence, and thus a very noticeable epidemic. The association with dexfenfluramine would result in an increase in incidence of only 20%. Based on the available evidence, a repeat PPH epidemic seems unlikely(7b).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca

Sources
(a) http://pulmonaryhypertensionrn.com/ph-vs-pah/
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23202738
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497988
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18814100
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18552156
(7a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23624788
(7b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9539893

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/22/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-causes/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+: Pulmonary vascular disease – Pulmonary arterial hypertension – The Symptoms http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/21/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-symptoms/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/21/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-symptoms/#comments Tue, 21 May 2013 11:46:19 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3884 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a subgroup of a specific subgroup of pulmonary hypertension (PH) defined as a condition of slowly progressive disorder as a result of abnormally high blood pressure in the blood vessel, including pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, that carries blood from the heart to the lungs due to narrowing in diameter of most of the very small arteries throughout the lungs of that increased resistance to blood flow, leading to right heart failure and death. Because the phrase pulmonary arterial hypertension is long and pulmonary hypertension is a bit shorter the phrase pulmonary hypertension is often used in place of pulmonary arterial hypertension(a).According to statistic, approximately over 1,000 new cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension are diagnosed each year, In the United States alone.

I. Symptoms
1. Depressive disorder
In the study to screen Consecutive outpatients with PAH of a A group of 100 patients (88% women, 50% with idiopathic PAH) (idiopathic; or associated with scleroderma, congenital heart disease, or anorexiant use) seen in two university PAH clinics, showed that 5% of subjects had symptoms suggestive of major depressive disorder; 40% had mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms; and 45% had no-to-minimal depressive symptoms(1).

2. Other symptoms
In the study to use cluster analysis to describe the symptom profile in PAH and differences in the health outcomes of health status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological states in the cluster groups, by University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, found that of the 151 participants, the mean age was 53.5 ± 15.1 with the majority female (n = 128, 85%). Fifty-eight (41%) were disabled and 67 (44%) were Functional Class IV. The most prevalent symptoms were shortness of breath with exertion (n = 149, 99%) and fatigue (n = 144, 93%). Three clusters emerged: Cluster 1 diffuse symptoms (n = 93), Cluster 2 severe cardiopulmonary symptoms (n = 32) and Cluster 3 moderate cardiopulmonary symptoms (n = 26). Overall, on the SF-36 the participants had poor general health, reduced physical function, role physical, vitality, and a low composite score for physical health. On the POMS the sample had limited vigor and increased fatigue. Other study showed that
The most common symptom of PH is breathlessness on exertion. Syncope may be the presenting symptom especially in children. Other PH symptoms include: angina pectoris, palpitations, dry cough, exertional nausea and vomiting(3).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca

Sources
(a) http://pulmonaryhypertensionrn.com/ph-vs-pah/
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587763
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22357779
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23477017

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/21/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-the-symptoms/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+ Pulmonary vascular disease – Pulmonary embolism – Treatments In Herbal and TCM medicine perspective http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/20/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-treatments-in-herbal-and-tcm-medicine-perspective/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/20/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-treatments-in-herbal-and-tcm-medicine-perspective/#comments Mon, 20 May 2013 13:33:14 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3882 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.

I. Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is defined as a condition of blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot of either in main artery of the lung or somewhere else in the body. In most cases, it is in the deep veins of the legs or pelvic. The disease is a common and affects as many as 500,000 persons annually in the United States.
VI. Treatments
B. In Herbal medicine perspective
In the study to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of several herbs on human platelet aggregation in vitro of of 28 herbs/nutriceuticals investigated, camomile, nettle alfalfa, garlic and onion exhibited most significant anti-platelet activity (>or=45% inhibition), indicated that queous extracts of alfalfa, fresh nettle, and camomile inhibited ADP induced-platelet aggregation by 73, 65 and 60%, respectively, compared with control (P < 0.05). Camomile and alfalfa inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation by 84 and 65%, respectively, but nettle could not inhibit collagen-induced aggregation. In contrast, nettle was the most potent inhibitor (66%) of whole blood aggregation induced by collagen, followed by alfalfa (52%), and camomile (30%) compared with control (P < 0.05). None of these three herbs however could inhibit arachidonic acid or thrombin induced platelet aggregation. Camomile and alfalfa strongly inhibited thromboxane B2 synthesis induced by ADP or collagen, but nettle had no effect. Alfalfa and nettle increased cGMP levels in platelets by 50 and 35%, respectively, compared with the control (1.85 +/- 0.23 nM) (P < 0.005). All these data indicate that camomile, nettle and alfalfa have potent anti-platelet properties, and their inhibitory actions are mediated via different mechanisms(53).

C. In traditional Chinese perspective
According to the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in the study of Herbs of activating blood circulation to remove blood stasis, drugs of anti-hyperviscosemia, anti-coagulants, anti-platelet drugs, anti-thrombotics, vasodilators, endothelial cell protectors and anti-arthrosclerosis should be considered as hemorheologicals due to the actions in keeping blood fluidity and in maintaining normal vascular functions. Hemorheologicals are importance for and aging and life-threatening diseases. Blood stasis syndrome is a common pathological syndrome in the elderly. In traditional Chinese medicine, the treatment for the syndrome is by herbs which activates blood circulation to remove blood stasis. The herbs have the efficacy of improving hemorheological events. Therefore, the herbs are the source for developing hemorheologicals. Ligustrazine isolated from Chuangxiong is an example. It showed significant inhibition on shear induced platelet aggregation and on platelet intracellular calcium demonstrated by laser confocal microscope(54).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca

Sources
(53) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287614
(54) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11321431

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/20/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-treatments-in-herbal-and-tcm-medicine-perspective/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+ Pulmonary vascular disease – Pulmonary embolism – Treatments In conventional medicine perspective http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/19/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-treatments-in-conventional-medicine-perspective/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/19/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-treatments-in-conventional-medicine-perspective/#comments Sun, 19 May 2013 13:33:25 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3880 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.

I. Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is defined as a condition of blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot of either in main artery of the lung or somewhere else in the body. In most cases, it is in the deep veins of the legs or pelvic. The disease is a common and affects as many as 500,000 persons annually in the United States.
VI. Treatments
A. In conventional medicine perspective
A. Medication
1. Anticoagulants, including
Heparin,Warfarin (Coumadin) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto). In the study of 256 patients with acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension or right ventricular dysfunction but without arterial hypotension or shock. The patients were randomly assigned in double-blind fashion to receive heparin plus 100 mg of alteplase or heparin plus placebo over a period of two hours. found that when given in conjunction with heparin, alteplase can improve the clinical course of stable patients who have acute submassive pulmonary embolism and can prevent clinical deterioration requiring the escalation of treatment during the hospital stay(48).

2. Clot dis solvers
Patients with acute pulmonary embolism are at risk for early death or chronic morbidity. Appropriate therapy can dramatically reduce the incidence of both. Appropriate therapy can dramatically reduce the incidence of both. Oxygen and heparin therapy should be started as soon as the diagnosis is suspected. The condition of a hypotensive patient with right ventricular overload from acute pulmonary embolism usually is made worse by a fluid challenge; hypotension may be relieved by preload reduction or even by gentle diuresis. Norepinephrine (Levophed), isoproterenol hydrochloride (Isuprel), and epinephrine are the pressor agents of choice. Immediate thrombolysis is the standard of care for any patient with significant hypoxemia or hypotension due to proven pulmonary embolism. Beyond this, the potential benefit of using thrombolytic agents should be considered routinely for every patient with proven pulmonary embolism(49).

B. Surgical treatments
1. Clot removal
The aim is to remove the existed large blood clot with a thin flexible tube (catheter) through your blood vessels. According to the study by Harvard Medical School, pulmonary suction thrombectomy can be a successful interventional tool in the treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism. Removal of clot burden typically results in prompt recovery of hemodynamic stability and improved oxygenation. However, in rare cases, clot removal does not sufficiently improve the clinical situation. Herein, two patients with massive pulmonary thromboembolism are presented whose condition improved only after they received nitric oxide as an adjunct to pulmonary suction thrombectomy(50).

2. Vein filter
The aim of placing a filter in the main vein called the inferior vena cava that leads from your legs to the right side of your heart is to filter catches and stops blood clots moving through the blood stream toward your lungs. In the study to investigate clinical experience with the Recovery filter as a retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filter, in one hundred seven Recovery filters were placed in 106 patients with an initial clinical indication for temporary caval filtration, found that although all the filters were placed with the intention of being removed, a large percentage of filters were not retrieved. The Recovery filter was safe and effective in preventing PE when used as a retrievable IVC filter(51).

3. Surgery
In case of acute pulmonary embolism, emergency surgery may be the only option to remove as much as clot as possible, specially there is a large clot in your main (central) pulmonary artery, if patients are in shock and thrombolytic medication isn’t working quickly enough. In the study to investigate the effectiveness of a comprehensive therapeutic algorithm including extracorporeal life support (ECLS) in high-risk acute pulmonary embolism (aPE) treated with pulmonary embolectomy, indicated that among the 25 patients, 24 had a PAOI≥0.5 and 23 had a RV-to-LV diameter ratio≥1.0. Four patients had right heart thrombi. Sixteen patients developed preoperative instability requiring inotropic and/or mechanical support. Eight in the 16 had a preoperative cardiac arrest (CA) and six of these were bridged to surgery on ECLS. Three in the 6 patients weaned ECLS after surgery and survived to discharge. The overall in-hospital mortality was 20% (n=5). A preoperative CA (Odds ratio [OR]: 16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-185.4, p=0.027, c-index: 0.80) and a postoperative requirement of ECLS (OR: 36, 95% CI: 2.1-501.3, p=0.008, c-index: 0.85) was the pre- and postoperative predictor of in-hospital mortality. No late deaths or re-admission for recurrence were found during a median follow-up of 19 months(52).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca
Sources
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12374874
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7816717
(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15525752
(51) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151059
(52) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23583612

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/19/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-treatments-in-conventional-medicine-perspective/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+ Pulmonary vascular disease – Misdiagnosis and Diagnosis of Pulmonary embolism http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/18/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-misdiagnosis-and-diagnosis-of-pulmonary-embolism/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/18/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-misdiagnosis-and-diagnosis-of-pulmonary-embolism/#comments Sat, 18 May 2013 15:00:19 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3878 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.

I. Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is defined as a condition of blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot of either in main artery of the lung or somewhere else in the body. In most cases, it is in the deep veins of the legs or pelvic. The disease is a common and affects as many as 500,000 persons annually in the United States.

D. Misdiagnosis and Diagnosis
D.1. Misdiagnosis
1. Congenital absence of the pericardium
There is a report of a case of a 23 year-old-male, who presented to the hospital with complaints of pleuritic chest pain and exertional dyspnea, of a two-week duration. He was physically active and his past history was otherwise insignificant. His chest CT with contrast was interpreted as showing evidence of multiple emboli, predominantly in the left lung, and he was started on a heparin and warfarin therapy. A repeat chest CT with contrast three weeks later showed no significant change from the previous CT scan. Both scans showed that the heart was abnormally rotated to the left side of the chest. An echocardiogram raised the suspicion of congenital absence of the pericardium, with a posteriorly displaced heart. In retrospect, motion artifact on the left lung, attributed to cardiac pulsations and the lack of pericardium, resulted in a CT chest appearance, mimicking findings of pulmonary embolism. The misdiagnosis of pulmonary embolism was attributed to the artifact caused by excessive cardiac motion artifact on the chest CT scan. In non-gated CT angiograms, according to St Francis Medical Center(29).

2. Pulmonary Artery Leiomyosarcoma
There is a report of a 64-year-old woman presented with progressive weakness, fatigue, malaise, and dyspnea, and a marked elevation of pulmonary artery pressure was admitted. She was initially diagnosed with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism and chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed that lobulated heterogeneous left hilar mass extended to precarinal and subcarinal space. MRI demonstrated a polypoid lesion at trunk with extension to left main pulmonary artery and its first branch(30).

3. Soft tissue sarcomas of the lower limb
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) is a rare, but not exceptional presentation of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). According to the study by the University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, STSs of the lower extremities can rarely present with DVT or PE. This possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis of painful leg swelling, especially in patients with recurrent or refractory venous thrombosis. When a STS is suspected, MRI should be obtained followed by excisional biopsy of the eventual mass. A delay in diagnosis and treatment of STSs often results in very poor prognosis.Level of evidence(31).

4. Acute anterior myocardial infarction
Pulmonary embolism remains the major malingerer of acute chest disease. There is a report of a case of bilateral pulmonary embolism in a patient of 50 years. The electrocardiogram showed ST elevation in anteroseptal and lateral leads. The diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction was selected and a fibrinolysis achieved. Getting out under beta-blocker therapy, antiplatelet, statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after 10 days hospitalization, the patient was readmitted one month later for a massive pulmonary embolism(32).

5. Acute abdomen
Pulmonary embolisms (PEs) are easily missed both in children and adults because of the varied presentations and subtle clinical findings. There is a report of a series of 2 cases of PE presenting as acute abdomen. Case 1 is a 14-year-old adolescent boy who presented to a pediatric emergency department with abdominal pain, whereas case 2 is a 22-year-old man who presented to the adult emergency department of the same institution with abdominal pain. There was a delay in diagnosis in both cases due to lack of recognition of the unusual presentation. Awareness of the unusual presentations of PE and the risk factors in both adults and children can assist the clinician toward an accurate diagnosis and timely therapeutic intervention(33).

6. Pulmonary artery sarcoma
In a Case analysis and literature review by Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, pulmonary artery Sarcoma can be easily misdiagnosed as pulmonary thromboembolism(34).

D.2. Diagnosis
1. Chest X-ray
In the study to investigate if preliminary chest radiograph (CXR) findings can define the optimum role of lung scintigraphy in subjects investigated for pulmonary embolism (PE), showed that In subjects investigated for PE, an abnormal CXR increases the prevalence of non-diagnostic scintigrams. A normal pre-test CXR is more often associated with a definitive (normal or high probability) scintigram result. The chest radiograph may be useful in deciding the optimum sequence of investigations(35).

2. Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan(Lung scan) and Spiral CT scan
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) imaging has been used as the screening test for pulmonary embolism (PE) for many years with diagnostic algorithms developed as a result of the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis study. With the increasing availability of spiral (helical) computed tomography (CT) and many studies showing a high degree of accuracy for PE, there is much support for the replacement of V/Q by spiral CT. This article reviews the literature concerning V/Q scanning, spiral (helical) CT, and the future potential for magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of PE(36).

3. Pulmonary angiogram
Traditionally, pulmonary angiography has been the gold standard, but over the years computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has replaced it and is now the first line imaging test(37).

4. D-dimer blood test
In the study to validate the use of the Wells clinical decision rule combined with a point of care D-dimer test to safely exclude pulmonary embolism of 598 adults with suspected pulmonary embolism in primary care, found that pulmonary embolism was present in 73 patients (prevalence 12.2%). On the basis of a threshold Wells score of ≤ 4 and a negative qualitative D-dimer test result, 272 of 598 patients were classified as low risk (efficiency 45.5%). Four cases of pulmonary embolism were observed in these 272 patients (false negative rate 1.5%, 95% confidence interval 0.4% to 3.7%). The sensitivity and specificity of this combined diagnostic approach was 94.5% (86.6% to 98.5%) and 51.0% (46.7% to 55.4%)respectively(38).

5. Thorax ultrasound (TUS)
In the multicenter study to determine the accuracy of thorax ultrasound (TUS) in the diagnosis of PE (TUSPE) with data from January 2002 through September 2003 of 352 patients with suspected PE, showed that TUS is a noninvasive method to diagnose peripheral PE. In the absence of CTPA, TUS is a suitable tool to demonstrate a PE at the bedside and in the emergency setting(39).

6. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
In the study to assess the individual and combined usefulness of MRI techniques in cases of acute pulmonary embolism and to compare the usefulness of these techniques with that of 16-MDC, showed that MR perfusion imaging had a sensitivity of 93% for subsegmental pulmonary embolism(40).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca

Sources
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580923
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23607029
(31) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421389
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21272851
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19555633
(34) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15634383
(35) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11384139
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15199498
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23591793
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036917
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16162754
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794142

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/18/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-misdiagnosis-and-diagnosis-of-pulmonary-embolism/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+ Pulmonary vascular disease – Diet, Phytochemicals and antioxidants to prevent pulmonary embolism http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/18/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-diet-phytochemicals-and-antioxidants-to-prevent-pulmonary-embolism/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/18/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-diet-phytochemicals-and-antioxidants-to-prevent-pulmonary-embolism/#comments Sat, 18 May 2013 14:56:46 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3876 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.

I. Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is defined as a condition of blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot of either in main artery of the lung or somewhere else in the body. In most cases, it is in the deep veins of the legs or pelvic. The disease is a common and affects as many as 500,000 persons annually in the United States.
V. Preventions
Since Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a result of blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot of either in main artery of the lung or somewhere else in the body. Any Phytochemicals and antioxidants containing anti coagulation property is associated to reduced risk of the disease.

A. Diet to prevent pulmonary embolism
Since Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a result of blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot of either in main artery of the lung or somewhere else in the body. Any food containing anti coagulation property is associated to reduced risk of the disease
1. Onion and Garlic
in the testing the effect of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on blood lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in a 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Seventy-five healthy, normo-lipidaemic volunteers (men and women aged 40-60 years) were assigned to dried garlic powder tablets (10.8 mg alliin (3-(2-propenylsulfinyl)-L-alanine)/d, corresponding to about three garlic cloves) or placebo, showed that garlic powder was associated with a near-significant decrease (12 %) in triacylglycerol concentration (P=0.07). In conclusion, garlic powder tablets have no clinically relevant lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects in middle-aged, normo-lipidaemic individuals. The putative anti-atherosclerotic effect of garlic may be linked to risk markers other than blood lipids, according to “Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial” by Turner B, Mølgaard C, Marckmann P.(41). Other in a study of “Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic products.” by Lawson LD, Ransom DK, Hughes BG. posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that The best garlic powder tablets were equally as active as clove homogenates whereas steam-distilled oils were 35% as active and oil-macerates (due to low content) only 12% as active. A garlic product aged many months in aqueous alcohol had no activity. For steam-distilled oils, most of the activity was due to diallyl trisulfide. For the oil-macerates, most of the activity was due largely to the vinyl dithiins. Ajoene, an exclusive component of the oil-macerates, had highest specific activity of all the compounds tested but, because of its low concentration, had only 13% of the activity of diallyl trisulfide and 3% of the activity of allicin. Compounds which may be active in vivo are discussed.

2. Ginger
In the identification of key hepatic pathways targeted by anti-obsogenic ginger phytochemicals fed to mice, found that Dietary ginger phytochemicals target cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid oxidation in mice, with consequences, according to “Ginger phytochemicals mitigate the obesogenic effects of a high-fat diet in mice: a proteomic and biomarker network analysis” by Beattie JH, Nicol F, Gordon MJ, Reid MD, Cantlay L, Horgan GW, Kwun IS, Ahn JY, Ha TY.(42). Other In the study of ginger proteases were extracted from fresh ginger rhizome by using phosphate buffer and subsequently purified by ion exchange chromatography, found that the ginger proteases exhibited a similar affinity for κ-casein and higher specificity with increasing temperature. Gel electrophoresis and mass spectra indicated that Ala90-Glu91 and His102-Leu103 of κ-casein were the preferred target bonds of ginger proteases. The milk clotting activity, affinity, and specificity toward κ-casein showed that ginger protease is a promising rennet-like protease that could be used in manufacturing cheese and oriental-style dairy foods, according to “Purification, characterization, and milk coagulating properties of ginger proteases” by Huang XW, Chen LJ, Luo YB, Guo HY, Ren FZ.(43).

3. Red pepper
In a study of Thirty-six participants (22 women and 14 men), aged 46+/-12 (mean+/-s.d.) years; BMI 26.4+/-4.8 kg/m(2), consumed 30 g/day of a chilli blend (55% cayenne chilli) with their normal diet (chilli diet), and a bland diet (chilli-free) for 4 weeks each, researchers found that Four weeks of regular chilli consumption has no obvious beneficial or harmful effects on metabolic parameters but may reduce resting heart rate and increase effective myocardial perfusion pressure time in men, according to” The effect of 4-week chilli supplementation on metabolic and arterial function in humans” by Ahuja KD, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Ball MJ.(44). Fermented red pepper paste(FRPP) has caused a modulation of cholesterol levels not seen in the placebo group, causing either no variation or a decrease in low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels, according to the study of “Hypoxanthine levels in human urine serve as a screening indicator for the plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein modulation activities of fermented red pepper paste” by Kim Y, Park YJ, Yang SO, Kim SH, Hyun SH, Cho S, Kim YS, Kwon DY, Cha YS, Chae S, Choi HK.(45).

B. Phytochemicals and antioxidantsto prevent pulmonary embolism
1. Curcumin
In a study of `Curcumin, a major component of food spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits aggregation and alters eicosanoid metabolism in human blood platelets.`by Srivastava KC, Bordia A, Verma SK. (Source from Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University Denmark.) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that this compound inhibited thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production from exogenous [14C] arachidonate in washed platelets with a concomitant increase in the formation of 12-lipoxygenase products. Moreover, curcumin inhibited the incorporation of [14C]AA into platelet phospholipids and inhibited the deacylation of AA-labelled phospholipids (liberation of free AA) on stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187. Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory property may, in part, be explained by its effects on eicosanoid biosynthesis.

2. Cinnamic acid
A series of novel ligustrazinyloxy-cinnamic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effect on adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in vitro,
found that compound 2e displayed the highest protective effect on the proliferation of the damaged ECV-304 cells (EC(50) = 0.020 mM), and compound 2f was the most active anti-platelet aggregation agent (EC(50) = 0.054 mM). Structure-activity relationships were briefly discussed, according to “Ligustrazine derivatives. Part 5: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ligustrazinyloxy-cinnamic acid derivatives as potent cardiovascular agents” by Chen H, Li G, Zhan P, Liu X.(46)

3. Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger
Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibited platelet aggregation induced by several aggregation agents, including arachidonate (AA), in a dose-dependent manner. While onion and garlic extracts were found to be weak inhibitors of platelet thromboxane synthesis, ginger extract inhibited the platelet cyclooxygenase products and this effect correlated well with its inhibitory effects on the platelet aggregation induced by the above aggregation agents(47).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca
Sources
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15522140
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21954187
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524515
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16929238
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20797477
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993151
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6440548

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/18/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-diet-phytochemicals-and-antioxidants-to-prevent-pulmonary-embolism/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+ Pulmonary vascular disease – Pulmonary embolism – The Complications and Diseases associated http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/14/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-the-complications-and-diseases-associated/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/14/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-the-complications-and-diseases-associated/#comments Tue, 14 May 2013 12:20:41 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3872 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.

I. Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is defined as a condition of blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot of either in main artery of the lung or somewhere else in the body. In most cases, it is in the deep veins of the legs or pelvic. The disease is a common and affects as many as 500,000 persons annually in the United States.
C. Complications and diseases associated to pulmonary embolism
C.1. Complications
1. Endomyocarditis
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In a recent study in patients with PE, an increased level of macrophages was found in the right ventricle. In teh study to evaluate the presence of inflammatory cells, myocytolysis and intracavitary thrombi in the left and right ventricle of patients who died because of PE as a putative new source of heart failure, showed that in patients with PE, endomyocarditis and intracavitary thrombi in the left and right ventricle were found. These abnormalities may be an additional new explanation for the observed cardiac enzyme release and functional abnormalities of the heart in these patients and may contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the disease(19).

2. Other complications
In a study by the the University Medical Center Mannheim, of 65 patients with confirmed acute PE, hs-cTnI and D-dimer values were measured. Adverse clinical outcome was defined as cardiogenic shock, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, vasopressor therapy, thrombolysis, catheter intervention or mortality within 60 days of PE. Patients with acute PE and serum hs-cTnI values >0.1 ng/ml showed significantly higher D-dimer concentrations (P= 0.0467) and a 5-fold increased risk of an adverse clinical outcome [odds ratio (OR), 4.9; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28-18.66; P=0.0235] compared with patients with acute PE and hs-cTnI values <0.1 ng/ml(20).

C.2. Diseases associated to Pulmonary embolism (PE)
1. Low blood pressure
Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is characterized by systemic hypotension (defined as a systolic arterial pressure < 90 mm Hg or a drop in systolic arterial pressure of at least 40 mm Hg for at least 15 min which is not caused by new onset arrhythmias) or shock (manifested by evidence of tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia, including an altered level of consciousness, oliguria, or cool, clammy extremities). Massive pulmonary embolism has a high mortality rate despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, according to teh study by the New York Medical College(21).

2. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
The average annual incidence of deep vein thrombosis alone was 48 per 100,000, while the incidence of pulmonary embolism with or without deep vein thrombosis was 23 per 100,000. The incidence rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism increased exponentially with age, according to the University of Massachusetts Medical School(22).

3. Congenital heart disease
Long-term complications of congenital heart diseases include rhythm disturbances, pulmonary hypertension, or heart failure are frequent, despite optimal care. Acute complications like arrhythmias, infective endocarditis, cerebral events, cerebral abscesses, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding(23)

4. Pleural Effusion
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the fourth cause of pleural effusions, after pneumonia, neoinfiltrates and tuberculosis, according to the study by the Institute of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis(24).

5. Pulmonary edema
There is a report of a case of severe pulmonary embolism in a 37 years old man admitted to the intensive care unit for severe acute respiratory failure. The presenting signs and symptoms were typical for severe pulmonary oedema(25).

6. Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH)
Incomplete resolution of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is frequently observed after acute PE and may rarely result in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH)(26).

7. Pulmonary hypertension
Incomplete resolution of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is frequently observed after acute PE and may rarely result in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). According to the study by the Leiden University Medical Center, CTEPH is associated with a poor prognosis if left untreated. Therefore, the diagnostic approach of CTEPH aims at assessing the location and extent of the embolic obstruction, establishing the operability and prognosis of the patients and ruling out other variations of pulmonary hypertension with distinct indicated treatment(27).

8. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic renal failure
There is a report of a 75-year-old man affected by a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic renal failure admitted to our emergency department for dyspnea and interscapular stabbing pain. Chest radiography showed diffuse parenchymal consolidation in the lower right lung with bronchiectasis, but the treatment for infection disease did not improve the clinical conditions of the patient. According to Wells score indicating an intermediate risk for pulmonary embolism, chest ultrasonography that showed ultrasonographic patterns of thromboembolism(28).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca

Sources
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646195
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403884
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319967
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2025141
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23318541
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425873
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6704566
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23607029
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22648493
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154162

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/14/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-the-complications-and-diseases-associated/feed/ 0 Most Common Diseases of Age 50+ Pulmonary vascular disease – Pulmonary embolism – The Risk Factors http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/13/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-the-risk-factors/ http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/13/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-the-risk-factors/#comments Mon, 13 May 2013 12:43:09 +0000 kylenorton http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/?p=3869 Continue reading →]]> Pulmonary vascular disease is defined as a condition of blood flow to the lung’s artery is blocked suddenly due to a blood clot somewhere in the body, including pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary edema, etc.

I. Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is defined as a condition of blockage of blood flow due to a blood clot of either in main artery of the lung or somewhere else in the body. In most cases, it is in the deep veins of the legs or pelvic. The disease is a common and affect as many as 500,000 persons annually in the United States.
B.2. Risk factors
1. Pregnancy
Pregnancy is an important risk factor for venous thrombosis, and venous thromboembolism is a leading cause of preventable death in pregnancy. According to the study by the University of Minnesota Residency Program, physicians should maintain an appropriately high index of suspicion and request diagnostic imaging in a timely manner. Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis with Doppler ultrasonography of the lower extremity poses no health risk to the fetus, but other radiographic studies pose a low radiation risk to the fetus. Because anticoagulant therapy poses a greater health risk to mother and fetus than does the radiation required for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, clinicians should aggressively pursue objective evidence of venous thromboembolism(10)

2. Intracardiac thrombosis
Right intracardiac thrombosis (IT) is a potential cause of pulmonary embolism (PE), according to the study of data Between 1970 and 1982, 23 796 autopsies, representing 84% of all in-hospital deaths in the Malmö city population, were performed, using a standardized procedure by the Uppsala University Hospital(11).

3. Obesity
The number of overweight and obese individuals in the population has increased dramatically in the past few decades, and the rising prevalence of obesity is a major public health concern. The prevalence of pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients was higher in obese patients than in non-obese patients. Mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism was lower in obese patients than in non-obese patients, with the greatest effects in women, older patients and stable patients(12).

4. Burns
It has been estimated that 26% of Americans are obese. A very small subset of this group can be categorized as morbidly obese, fulfilling the criteria of being 100 pounds, or 100%, over ideal body weight. The clinical records of seven morbidly obese burn patients treated over a 20-year period are reviewed. Particularly notable was a 43% incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism(13).

5. Cancers
Patients with cancer are as increased risk of pulmonary embolism. According to the systematically reviewed Medline, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases and selected 26 studies, by Stony Brook University Medical Center, including 2 randomized controlled trials, and 4 prospective, 18 retrospective cohort, and 2 case-control studies. Overall incidence of PE was 3.6%. Pulmonary embolism abbreviated survival in 2 studies when the diagnosis was synchronous with lung cancer. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, treatment, and surveillance are inconsistently reported. Clinical outcome data pertaining to this topic are limited and of overall poor methodologic quality(14).

6. Trauma
Trauma is a leading causes of death and disability in young people. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a principal cause of death. Trauma patients are at high risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)(15).

7. Heart attack and Heart surgery
Patients with current or previous heat attacked and surgery are associated to the higher risk of pulmonary embolism.

8. Device implanted
There is a report of a case of a 32-year-old woman with a septic pulmonary embolism-related implanted central venous port(16).

9. Childbirth
There is a report of identified 10 specific recurrent errors that account for a disproportionate share of maternal deaths, primarily related to pulmonary embolism, severe preeclampsia, cardiac disease, and postpartum hemorrhage(17).

10. Other risk factors
Body mass index (BMI), estrogen use, family history of PE, (inactive) malignancy, thrombophilia, trauma within 4 weeks, travel, and prior VTE (under treatment) are other risk factors of pulmonary embolism, according to the total of 4,346 patients had D-dimer testing, of whom 2,930 (67%) were women. A total of 2,500 (57%) were white, 1,474 (34%) were black or African American, 238 (6%) were Hispanic, and 144 (3%) were of other race or ethnicity(18).

For common types of diseases of Ages of 50+, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/p/better-of-living-health-50-over.html

For other health article, visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca

Sources(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021260
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15695529
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22078437
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1474621
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22626760
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543562
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23507605
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270288
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20624138

]]> http://kylenorton.healthblogs.org/2013/05/13/most-common-diseases-of-age-50-pulmonary-vascular-disease-pulmonary-embolism-the-risk-factors/feed/ 0